Cerebellar nuclei: Found deep within the cerebellum, the nerve cells of the cerebellar nuclei are primarily involved in sending information from the cerebellum. The cell bodies are packed into a thick granular layer at the bottom of the cerebellar cortex.

The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie. For the large region of the brain, see Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrumDrawing of the human brain, showing cerebellum and Illustration from 1912 of the altered walking gait of a woman with cerebellar diseaseThe lower trace shows an attempt by a patient with cerebellar disease to reproduce the upper trace.

As a result, chronic neuropathic pain can induce macroscopic anatomical remodeling of the hindbrain, including the cerebellum.The circuits in the cerebellum are similar across all There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the cerebellum in different vertebrate species. Thus, the information in the granule cell population activity state is the same as the information in the mossy fibers, but recoded in a much more expansive way. This outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex contains two types of inhibitory The middle layer contains only one type of cell body—that of the large The innermost layer contains the cell bodies of three types of cells: the numerous and tiny The corticopontocerebellar pathway is the largest pathway associated with the cerebellum. There are two schools of thought, one following Marr and Albus in holding that climbing fiber input serves primarily as a teaching signal, the other holding that its function is to shape cerebellar output directly.

Both views have been defended in great length in numerous publications. This sector of the cerebellum functions mainly to fine-tune body and limb movements. For other investigators, the message lies in the degree of ensemble synchrony and rhythmicity among a population of climbing fibers.

It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the Two types of neuron play dominant roles in the cerebellar circuit: Mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the following pathway: mossy fibers → granule cells → parallel fibers → Purkinje cells → deep nuclei.

Thus the cerebellum has been implicated in the regulation of many differing functional traits such as affection, emotion and behavior.The comparative simplicity and regularity of the cerebellar anatomy led to an early hope that it might imply a similar simplicity of computational function, as expressed in one of the first books on cerebellar electrophysiology, There is considerable evidence that the cerebellum plays an essential role in some types of motor learning. In the words of one review, "In trying to synthesize the various hypotheses on the function of the climbing fibers, one has the sense of looking at a drawing by Escher. Thus, the general conclusion reached decades ago is that the basic function of the cerebellum is to calibrate the detailed form of a movement, not to initiate movements or to decide which movements to execute.Prior to the 1990s the function of the cerebellum was almost universally believed to be purely motor-related, but newer findings have brought that view into question. A standard test of cerebellar function is to reach with the tip of the finger for a target at arm's length: A healthy person will move the fingertip in a rapid straight trajectory, whereas a person with cerebellar damage will reach slowly and erratically, with many mid-course corrections. Because granule cells are so small and so densely packed, it is difficult to record their spike activity in behaving animals, so there is little data to use as a basis for theorizing. There has, however, been much dispute about whether learning takes place within the cerebellum itself, or whether it merely serves to provide signals that promote learning in other brain structures.The idea that climbing fiber activity functions as an error signal has been examined in many experimental studies, with some supporting it but others casting doubt.One of the most extensively studied cerebellar learning tasks is the The large base of knowledge about the anatomical structure and behavioral functions of the cerebellum have made it a fertile ground for theorizing—there are perhaps more theories of the function of the cerebellum than of any other part of the brain.

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