Daiichi units 2, 3 and 5 exceeded their maximum response acceleration design basis in E-W direction by about 20%.
However, because tritium is contained in water molecules, ALPS cannot remove it, which gives rise to questions about the discharge of treated water to the sea. A crane and other equipment for fuel removal would then be installed in a new cover over the building, similar to that over unit 4.More substantial covers were designed to fit around units 3&4 reactor buildings after the top floors were cleared up in 2012.A different design of cover is being built over unit 3, and foundation work had begun in 2012.
Electrical switchgear was also disabled. This is initially by water, in ponds.
Early in 2014 the government estimated it would take JPY11 trillion and 40 years to clean up the Fukushima site.
Its preliminary report said that decontamination efforts were commendable but driven by unrealistic targets.The government ordered nuclear risk and safety reassessments – so-called 'stress tests' – based on those in the EU for all Japan's nuclear reactors except Fukushima's before they restart following any shutdown, including for routine checks. Fukushima accident, disaster that occurred in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi (‘Number One’) nuclear power plant on the Pacific coast of northern Japan, which was caused by a severe earthquake and powerful series of tsunami waves Meanwhile it will pay an annual fee for the government support, maintain adequate power supplies and ensure plant safety. Run-off from the site into the sea was also carrying radionuclides well in excess of allowable levels.
Of almost 1500 surveyed, many were stressed, due to evacuating their homes (70%), believing they had come close to death (53%), the loss of homes in the tsunami (32%), deaths of colleagues (20%) and of family members (6%) mostly in the tsunami. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.
NISA said in June that it estimated that 800-1000 kg of hydrogen had been produced in each of the units.Nitrogen is being injected into the containment vessels (PCVs) of all three reactors to remove concerns about further hydrogen explosions, and in December this was started also for the pressure vessels.
The companies planned to apply for a government subsidy to help defray costs.
Caesium is soluble and can be taken into the body, but does not concentrate in any particular organs, and has a biological half-life of about 70 days. At the time of writing, many people were still living outside the areas from which they were evacuated.No early radiation induced health effects were observed among workers or members of the public that could be attributed to the accident.Early in June 2011 the independent Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations (The national Diet later set up a legally-constituted Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (The NAIIC Chairman wrote: "What must be admitted – very painfully – is that this was a disaster 'Made in Japan.'
Regarding releases to air and also water leakage from Fukushima Daiichi, the main radionuclide from among the many kinds of fission products in the fuel was volatile iodine-131, which has a half-life of 8 days. Since January 2012 the allowable maximum has reverted to 50 mSv/yr.Tepco figures submitted to NRA for the period to end January 2014 showed 173 workers had received more than 100 mSv (six more than two years earlier) and 1578 had received 50 to 100 mSv.
A crane to remove the 566 fuel assemblies from the pool will be fitted, with its operation removing some remaining rubble.
The company aims to clear sufficient space for the fuel assemblies held in unit 3's pool. Daini was less affected. It was established within the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and was led by Law Professor Yoshihisa Nomi of Gakushuin, University in Tokyo.On 11 May 2011, Tepco accepted terms established by the Japanese government for state support to compensate those affected by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
It will work closely with IRID, whose focus now is on developing mid- and long-term decommissioning technologies. Responses were submitted to the government in November.In August 2014 the Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation (NDF) was set up by government as a planning body with management support for R&D projects, taking over IRID’s planning role. Gas control systems which extract and clean the gas from the PCV to avoid leakage of caesium have been commissioned for all three units.Throughout 2011 injection into the RPVs of water circulated through the new water treatment plant achieved relatively effective cooling, and temperatures at the bottom of the RPVs were stable in the range 60-76°C at the end of October, and 27-54°C in mid-January 2012. The majority of the power plant area was at less than 0.01 mSv/h. However, this had not yet led to any major action by either the plant operator, Tepco, or government regulators, notably the Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency (NISA).
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